Abstract: With the increase of vehicle ownership in the market and the effective control of vehicle exhaust emissions, the impact of non-exhaust emissions, represented by tire wear particles, on the ecological environment and human health has attracted attention. Tire wear particles are released from the wear of tires, with complex composition, and are easy to be enriched and adsorbed. Tire wear particles are widely present in the environment in a long term, but studies on their biological effects are often overlooked. This paper reviews the environmental fate of tire wear particles, and summarizes and systematically discusses their respiratory toxicity, mechanisms of action, and influencing factors of toxicity.